Table of Contents

This report summarizes an exhaustive series of statistical analyses conducted over a ten-month period by Richard McCleary, Ph.D., James W. Meeker, S.D., Ph.D., and five research assistants. This document presents the statistical analyses that we feel are the most relevant for the legal requirement it of basing zoning restrictions on adult businesses on their negative impact on the community in terms of crime, decreased property value and decreased quality of life. It is constitutionally important that the City of Garden Grave base any restrictions on adult businesses on these so-called "secondary effects" and not upon the content or moral offensiveness of such businesses. We are confident that any independent reanalysis will reach similar conclusions.

In July 1990, we were contacted by the City Manager's Office and Police Department for advice on problems related to the operation of adult businesses on Garden Grove Boulevard. After year of experience with these businesses, the Police Department had come to suspect that their operation constituted a public safety hazard. Partly in response to this situation, the city had adopted a zoning ordinance that restricts the location and density of adult businesses. In order to withstand constitutional scrutiny, the City needs to be able to show that the ordinance was based on the negative secondary effects such businesses have on their surroundings and not on the content of these businesses or their morality. The precise dimensions of the negative impact of these businesses were unknown, however. It was not clear that the superficial spatial relationship between crime

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and these businesses was statistically significant, for example, and if the relationship was significant, it was not clear what aspect of the operation was responsible for the hazard. The exact extent of other negative effects, such as decreased property values and reduced quality of environment for others in the area, were also unknown.

In several meetings with the City Manager's Office and the Police Department during the summer and fall of 1990, and after reviewing several studies conducted by other cities to justify zoning restrictions on adult businesses, it was decided that we would assist the City in undertaking its own study. This study would consist of an extensive statistical analysis of the City's crime data, a survey of real estate professionals, and a survey of City residents living close to the currently operating adult businesses. The study was designed to focus on the following questions:

three conditions: First, we could expect to have any public data held by the Police Department or the City Manager's Office; second, we could expect the full cooperation of the Police Department and the City Manager's Office; and third, the City would accept any and all findings regardless of their implications for past, present, or future policy. These conditions were accepted in principle and honored in practice. We enjoyed an extraordinary degree of autonomy and cooperation from both the Police Department and the City Manager's Office.

In November 1990, we began working with the Police Department to define the parameters of the crime data to be analyzed. The complete set of crime reports for 1981-90 were eventually downloaded and read into a statistical analysis system. The reliability of these data was ensured by comparing samples of the data downloaded from the Police Department computers with data archived at the California Bureau of Criminal Statistics and Federal Bureau of investigation. Satisfied that the reliability of our data was nearly perfect, in January 1991, we began the arduous task of measuring the absolute and relative distances between crime events. We were eventually able to measure the relevant distances for a subset of 34,079 crimes to within 40 feet of the actual occurrence with 99 percent confidence. In late January through April 1991, these distances were analyzed in various models and with various methods. The results of these analyses showed that:

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During this same period of time, two questionnaire instruments were developed and administered. In January and February 1991, a sample of real estate professionals were surveyed. Over nine hundred questionnaires were distributed with a response rate of fifteen percent The results at this survey show that:

During the spring and summer, 1991, a random sample at households living near the adult businesses was surveyed. The results of this survey show that:

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Each of these findings is fully supported by every bit of data available to us and by every analysis that we conducted.

The crime data and analyses underlying our four major research tasks are described in subsequent sections. Most readers will be more interested in the policy recommendations based on these analyses, however. Based on the four major components of our research, we recommend that:

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These recommendations are informed by an understanding of the legal foundation of the problem. After developing that foundation in the following section, we present our analyses of crime patterns in Garden Grove and two related opinion surveys.

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II. Legal Requirements For Controlling Adult Businesses

The legal control and regulation of pornography in general and "adult entertainment" businesses specifically has a long and controversial history. The 1970 Commission on Obscenity and Pornography overwhelmingly voted to eliminate all legal restrictions on use by consenting adults of sexually explicit books, magazines, pictures and films.¹ While President Nixon, who appointed the Commission, was not pleased with the findings, they were consistent with the general liberal view that pornography should be tolerated as a matter of individual choice and taste unless it directly harms others.² The Williams Committee in England supported a similar position in 1979.³ Alternatively, the 1986 Attorney General's Commission on Pornography called for a more aggressive enforcement of obscenity laws and regulation of pornography that it deemed harmful even if not legally obscene.⁴

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found in Miller v. California 413 U. S. 15 (1973):

Despite this standard, the Attorney General's Commission concluded that

Indeed, there is some empirical evidence to suggest that the number of prosecutions⁶ and appeals⁷ of obscenity convictions have declined nationwide.⁸

Recently much of the local control of pornography has been of a more indirect nature given the difficulties of direct regulation and legal constraints involving First Amendment rights. One rather unique approach has been the attempt to regulate pornography as a violation of women’s civil rights. This use of anti-discrimination statutes was first tried by Minneapolis⁹ but has failed to catch on in general.¹⁰

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⁵Final Report supra note 4 at 461.

⁶The New York Obscenity Project, "An Empirical Inquiry into the Effects of Miller v. California on the Control of Obscenity", New York University Law Review 52:843 (1977)

⁷R.E. Riggs, "Miller v. California Revisited: An Empirical Note," Brigham Young University Law Review 2:247 (1981)

8See generally Downs, supra, note 2 at 20.

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However, many municipalities have been very successful in regulating where pornographic businesses and adult entertainment businesses can locate through the use of zoning laws.

Municipalities have followed two major strategies in regulating the location of adult entertainment businesses. One approach is to concentrate adult businesses in a limited area, often called the Boston or 'combat zone' approach. The other approach follows the opposite tactic by dispersing adult entertainment businesses, preventing their concentration, often called the Detroit approach.11

In Boston, adult entertainment businesses had been unofficially concentrated in a specific area of the city for many years.12 This "combat zone' was officially established as the Adult Entertainment District in 1974. It was felt that by formally restricting such businesses to an area where they were already established would prevent the spreading of these businesses to neighborhoods

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⁹Minneapolis Code of Ordinances (MDO), Title 7, ch. 139.20, sec. 3, subd. (gg).

¹⁰See Downs supra note 2.

¹¹For a general discussion of these two approaches see Planning Committee of the Los Angeles City Council, Study of the Effects of the concentration of Adult Entertainment Establishments In the City of Los Angeles, Los Angels City Planning Department (June, 1977) (Hereinafter LA Study).

¹²This discussion of Boston and the 'combat zone' approach is taken from the LA Study id., at 9-10.

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where they were deemed inappropriate. In addition, concentration of adult businesses might aid in the policing of such activities and would make it easier for those who wanted to avoid such businesses to do so. There has been some question as to the effectiveness of this regulatory approach, as the LA Study observed:

The other approach that municipalities have followed is the disbursement model, sometimes called the Detroit model. In 1972 Detroit modified an "Anti-Skid Row Ordinance" to provide that subject to waiver, an adult theater could not be located within 1,000 feet of any two other "regulated uses" or within 500 feet of a residential area. Regulated uses applied to ten different kinds of business establishments including adult theater; adult bookstores, cabarets, bar, taxi dance halls and hotels. This statutory zoning approach to regulating adult business was legally challenged and subsequently upheld by the Supreme Court as

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¹³Id., at 9.

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constitutional in Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.¹⁴ This model has been adopted by numerous cities including Los Angeles and twelve other Southern California cities for controlling adult businesses.¹⁵

While the dispersal model has been found constitutionally valid, several subsequent court decisions have limited the way in which municipalities can adopt

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14 427 U.S. 50 (1976) (Hereinafter Mini Theatres). This decision is often cited as the legal basis for a dispersal approach, however the opinion appears to support the constitutionality of both the dispersal and concentration models:

Indeed the Supreme Court upheld the Constitutionality of the concentration model in Renton, " Cities may regulate adult theater by dispersing them, as in Detroit, or by effectively concentrating them, as in Renton" (infra note 16 at 52).

¹⁵The best single source for information on this topic is the Los Angeles City Council Planning Committee. According to the LA Study:

The LA Study also presents a table listing 9 cities nationally that have taken a dispersal zoning approach (Id., Table 11).

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such zoning laws. In Renton v. Playtime Theatre, Inc.¹⁶ the Supreme Court held such statutes cannot be enacted for the purpose of restraining speech but have to be "content-neutral" time, place, and manner regulations designed to serve a substantial governmental interest and not unreasonably limit alternative avenues of communications. In making this determination the court must look to the municipality's motivation and purpose for enacting the statute. if the statute is primarily aimed at suppressing First Amendment rights it is content based and invalid. But, if it is aimed at the "secondary effects" such businesses have on the surrounding community, it is content neutral and therefore valid.

In making this determination the court must look at a number of factors, from the evidence the municipality offers to support a finding of secondary effects, to whether the zoning statute eliminates the possibility of any adult within the jurisdiction of the municipality. It is the first factor this report is primarily concerned with.¹⁷ In the Mini Theaters case the Detroit Common Council made a finding that adult businesses are especially injurious to a

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neighborhood when they are concentrated. This was supported by expert opinion evidence:

The courts have not been very explicit in terms of the exact type and nature of the evidence of "secondary effects" that is required to uphold Zoning ordinances regulating the location of adult businesses. On the one hand, failure to introduce any evidence linking secondary effects with the way the ordinance is enforced, is insufficient19 On the other hand, a complete independent analysis of secondary effects in each jurisdiction that enacts such laws is not necessary. In Renton²⁰ the Supreme Court upheld an ordinance without benefit of an independent analysis.

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¹⁹"Here, the County has presented no evidence that a single showing of an adult movie would have any harmful secondary effects on the community. The County has thus failed to show that the ordinance, as interpreted by a. County to include any theater that shows an adult movie a single time is sufficiently" narrowly tailored' to affect only that category of theatres shown to produce the unwanted secondary effects." Renton 106 S.Ct. at 931. Nor do we see how the County could make such a showing, since it is difficult to imagine that only a single showing ever, or only one in a year, would have any meaningful secondary effects." Tollis, Inc. v. San Bernadino County 827 F.2d 1329, 1333 (9th Cir. 1987).

20City of Renton v. Playtime Theater, Inc, 475 U.S. 41,106 S.Ct 925,89 LEd.2d 2a(1986).

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In this case the City of Renton relied heavily upon the study of secondary effects done in Seattle to justify its ordinance. The Court held:

The Los Angeles City Planning Department conducted a study of secondary effects in 1977,²² to support a spacing ordinance similar to the Detroit dispersal model. Since Garden Grove's ordinance follows the same model it may have been legally sufficient for the City of Garden Grove to rely on the Los Angeles study. However, the Los Angels study is 19 years old and it could be argued that because of its size, population structure, real estate market and other municipal characteristics, Los Angels is not a good comparison city for Garden Grove.

Like the LA Study²³ this analysis relies on a mulimethodological approach to analyze secondary effects associated with the location of adult businesses. Both

an analysis of crime rates and surveys were conducted to analyze secondary effects

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²¹Renton, Id. 475 U.S. 41 at 51-52.

²²See LA Study supra note

²³Supra note 11.

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associated with such businesses. Unlike the LA Study this analysis is more sophisticated in several respects.

The LA Study examined the secondary effect of crime rates and their association with adult business by comparing the crime rates of Hollywood area (which had a large concentration of adult businesses during the period studied, November 1975 and December 1976) to the rest of the city.24 This analysis did show there was an increase in both Part I²⁵ and Part II²⁶ crimes associated with the Hollywood area and in higher concentration of adult businesses in comparison to the rest of the city. While supporting the presence of secondary effects, the analysis has several disadvantages for supporting a dispersion regulation model in Garden Grove.

The City of Garden Grove is not very similar to Hollywood, either in municipal character, or concentration and type of adult businesses.²⁷ More

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²⁴The analysis presented in the LA Study was taken from a report prepared by the Los Angeles City Police Department, The Impact of Sex Oriented Businesses on the Police Problems in the City of Los Angeles.

²⁵ Part I crimes include homicide, rape, aggravated assault, robbery burglary, larceny and vehicle theft.

²⁶ Part II crimes include other assaults, forgery and counterfeiting, embezzlement and fraud, stolen property, prostitution, narcotics, liquor law violations, gambling, and other miscellaneous misdemeanors.

²⁷ Hollywood in 1969 had 1 hard<ore motel. 2 bookstores, 7 theaters, and 1 massage parlor/scam joint; in 1975 had 3 hard-core motels, 18 bookstores, 29 theatres, and 38 massage parlor/scam joints. (see LA Study, Table VI, p.54). Garden Grove on the other hand only has Seven bookstores and adult video stores.

importantly, Garden Grove seeks to control adult businesses in terms of their location to schools, churches, and residences (200 feet) and in relation to each other (1000 feet).²⁸ To substantiate the relation between these distances and the secondary effects needed to justify the regulation, the analysis should demonstrate an association between the' secondary effects and these distance. For example, if crime rates are higher within 1000 feet of an adult business than they are around other businesses, this demonstrates a stronger association between secondary effects and the regulation designed to control them. While areas of a city that have higher concentrations of adult businesses may ban higher crime rates than other areas, this gives little support for regulation of specific distances between adult business and other land uses.

The LA Study also presents the analyses of two questionnaires, one to businessmen and residential property owners, and one to realtors, real estate appraisers and lender, to determine the effects at adult businesses. While the questionnaires do ask the residents about possible negative effects, there was no distinction between the negative effects when the distances from adult businesses varied, nor when then were two or more such business located near each other. Both of these issues are important aspects of the Garden Grove ordinance.

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²⁸See Appendix for the Garden Grove ordinance.

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III. Crime in Garden Grove, 1981-1990

During the decade of our study, 1981-1990, the Garden Grove Police Department recorded 108,196 UCR Part I crimes (112 homicides, 548 rapes, 3,835 robberies, 16,677 assaults, 24,498 burglaries, 51,393 thefts, and 11,133 auto thefts) and 17,274 UCR Part II crimes (2,828 sexual offenses, 5,353 drug offenses, 5,651 alcohol offenses, 972 weapons offenses, and 2,460 disorderly conduct. Figure 1 lends perspective to these numbers Part I crimes, which are ordinarily thought to be the 'most serious'. crimes, make up more than 85 percent of the total. Part II crimes, which include many of the so-called 'victimless" crimes, make up less than fifteen percent of the total. Another important difference between these two categories is that, while Part I crimes almost always begin with a citizen complaint, Part II crimes may result from proactive policing. For this reason, Part II crimes have turned out to be less interesting to this study. Although we find a strong relationship between the distribution of Part II crimes (especially Part II sex offenses) and the location of adult business, we cannot draw a valid causal relationship from this finding. Part I crimes are quite another matter.

As shown in Figure 1, Part I crimes cm be divided further into Personal and Property categories. Personal crimes (or crimes against the person) account for approximately twenty percent of the Part I total. Seventy-eight percent of Personal crimes are assaults; 18 percent are robberies, three percent are rapes,

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and slightly less than one percent are homicides. Property crimes (or crimes against property) account for approximately eighty percent of the Part I total. Of these, 60 percent are thefts, 28 percent are burglaries, and 12 percent are auto thefts. Although it is tempting to think of Property crimes as less serious than Personal crimes, we caution the reader to remember that every crime has a deadly potential. Every armed robbery is a potential homicide. Every theft, burglary, or auto theft could quickly turn into a deadly confrontation. While subsequent analyses may distinguish among the seven crimes then, we do this for didactic purposes only. In our opinion, in practice, any Part I crime poses a serious threat to public safety.

With this caveat, we note that the mix of crimes in Garden Grove is not significantly different than the mix found in other California cities during the same period. This is also true of population-adjusted crime rates. Relative to other California cities, Garden Grove has neither a "high" or "low" crime rate.²⁹ To illustrate this point, Table 1 lists the 1985 Part I crime rates for twenty-four representative cities. Garden Grove ranks slightly above the median on homicide and auto theft, and slightly below the media on rape, robbery, assault, burglary,

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29The Garden Grove Police Department is organized into community 'teams,' however, and it is generally believed that this organizational structure encourages police-citizen interaction, including reporting of crimes. Other things being equal, Garden Grove is expected to have a higher crime rate than a city whose police department is structured along more traditional lines.

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Table 1 - Crimes per 100,000 Population for California Cities, 1985

Homicide Rape Assault Robbery Burglary Theft Auto

Theft

Anaheim 7.3 48.8 273.8 199.6 2351. 4348. 777.

Bakersfield 6.6 65.3 567.2 489.5 3651. 6649. 796.

Berkeley 10.6 41.6 638.7 435.5 2836. 7971. 841.

Concord 2.9 27.9 1O2.2 258.3 1376. 4076. 430.

Fremont 2.3 25.8 65.2 372.1 1354. 2969. 265.

Fresno 21.2 81.8 566.9 392.7 3632. 7745. 812.

Fullenon 4. 9 32.3 168.2 201.5 1503. 4071. 503.

Garden Grove 10.5 38.1 325.2 293.6 2159. 4040. 693.

Glendale 2.9 12.2 189.1 140.2 1378. 2940. 663.

Hayward 6.4 38.5 267.1 405.0 1809. 4926. 503.

Huntington Beach 2.4 22.3 100.9 147.8 1378. 2883. 450.

In~e'wood 28.7 112.6 1236.1 630.8 2417. 2586. 1660.

Modesto 4.7 52.4 187.0 276.7 1979. 6149. 505.

Ontario 9.0 76.6 327.6 713.8 2821. 4088. 699.

Orange 5.5 25.2 219.8 247.1 1712. 3540. 602.

Ornard 6.5 61.9 294.8 300.4 2008. 3984. 527.

Pasadena 24.6 49.1 596.3 590.3 2262. 5110. 921.

Pomona 25.9 92.7 907.9 1035.1 3155. 4337. 911.

Riverside 8.2 57.4 340.0 690.5 2628. 4849. 570.

San Bernadino 14.3 87.6 876.3 914.2 3783. 5295. 1127.

Santa Ana 16.2 28.9 424.0 294.6 2498. 6612. 1134.

Stockton 18.2 61.4 475.4 497.7 3347. 7937. 739.

Sunnyvale 4.7 27.2 77.9 100.4 759. 2544. 245.

Torrance 3.1 28.5 254.9 202.5 1150. 3024. 865.

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Figure 2. Annual Crime Trends In Garden Grove, 1981-1990

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understood by popular media or the public. Nevertheless, each of the seven Part I crime trends is consistent with a "random" process and, hence, each is amenable to a statistical analysis. The five Part II crime trends, in contrast, are not at all consistent with a "random" process. To illustrate, note that total sex offenses increase (from 320 to 480) by fifty percent from 1987 to 1988 and then decrease (from 480 to 232) by fifty percent from 1988 to 1989. Annual changes of this magnitude lie well beyond the bounds of Normal "random" variation. In fact, the anomalous 1988 total is due to a concerted enforcement effort by the Garden Grove Police Department. Lacking complete information on Part II enforcement activities during the 1981-1990 decade, we cannot attribute changes in Part II crime rates to the operation of adult businesses. Although we report effects for Part II crimes in subsequent analyses, only internally valid effects are for Part I crimes.

Figure 3 shows another type of trend. Examining the day of the week of the seven Part I crimes, a distinct pattern emerges. We see here that the occurrence of Personal crimes peaks on weekends. Conversely, Property crimes peak during midweek and an least likely to occur on weekends. The basis for this pattern is well established in theory: crime occur when the opportunity is made available to a person who is inclined to commit criminal actions. Opportunity is defined differently for Personal and Property crimes, however. Personal crimes (especially anonymous robbery and assault committed against strangers) are best

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Figure 3. Crimes Weekday in Garden Grove, 1981-1990

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conducted under cover of darkness, on an intoxicated victim, in a relatively deserted public location. These conditions presumably occur on weekend nights outside bars or adult businesses. In daylight, the desired anonymity is unobtainable and the vulnerable, prospective victims are not on the street Thus, Personal crimes are committed most often on weekend nights.

The opposite pattern holds for Property crimes. These crimes, notably theft and burglary, are most often committed when the offender is least likely to encounter any witnesses. In theory, the best time to break into a residence undetected is during the weekday daytime hours when mast occupants are away from home. For our purposes, however, the weekday patterns found in these data, as shown in Figure 3, are a simple confirmation of the reliability of our data. More important, perhaps, finding the same patterns in all four Personal crimes and all three Property crimes justifies collapsing Part I crimes into two broad categories. Hereafter, except where an effect or pattern varies across the Part I crimes, effects and patterns will be reported for Personal, Property, and Part II crime categories.

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IV. The Impacted Area and the Public Safety Hazard

At present, seven adult oriented businesses operate on Garden Grove Boulevard. The Party House, located at 8751 Garden Grove Boulevard, was in operation on December 16,1980, when the City of Garden Grove annexed this area. Two other adult businesses, the Bijou and the Video Preview Rental Center, located at 8745 and 8743 Garden Grove Boulevard in the same building as the Party House, opened in March, 1986 and August 1988 respectively. Given the proximity of these three businesses, their individual impacts on crime are confounded. Treating them as a single cluster of businesses, however, we find a significant increase in both Personal and Property crimes following the openings of the adult businesses at 8745 and 8743 Garden Grove Boulevard in March, 1986 and August, 1988.

The Adult, located at 8502 Garden Grove Boulevard, and the A to Z, located at 8192 Garden Grove Boulevard, are far enough away from the 8700 block to allow for an assessment of individual impact. But since these businesses opened in February and May, 1980, at the very beginning of our crime data, there is no simple casual benchmark for attributing crime around these businesses to their operation. The pattern of crime around these businesses is nevertheless consistent with that hypothesis. At the other end of Garden Grove Boulevard, the Hip Pocket (12686) and the Garden of Eden (12061-5), which opened in 1971

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and 1977 respectively, pose the same problem. In March, 1983, however, the Garden of Eden expanded its operation from one suite to three. As in the case of the Party House-Bijou-Video Preview Rental Center complex on the other end of Garden Grove Boulevard, we find a significant rise in crime coincident with this expansion. The analyses supporting these findings will be presented shortly.

In our opinion, these seven adult businesses constitute a serious and significant public safety hazard. One aspect of this hazard is apparent in Table 2. During the 1981-90 decade, 610 Garden Grove Boulevard addresses had one or more crimes.31 The seven adult business addresses accounted for 239 Personal, 694 Property, and 538 Part II crimes, however, so these seven addresses accounted for 10.5 percent of the Part I and 25.5 percent of the Part II crime on Garden Grove Boulevard during the last decade. Since this disparity could occur by chance done less than one time in one hundred, the implied difference between these seven addresses and the 603 other Garden Grove Boulevard addresses with one or more crimes is statistically significant. The second column of numbers in Table 2 are ranks. These numbers tell the same story but from a different perspective. As shown, three of the top ten Part I crime "hot spots" are found at the adult business addresses. Five of the top ten Part II crime "hot spots" are found at the adult

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³¹Of course, most Garden Grove Boulevard addresses had no crimes during 1981- 90. Of these addresses with at least one crime, more than 55 percent had only one crime.

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Table 2 - Reported Crimes for Adult Businesses

Garden Grove Boulevard Only, 1981-1990

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business addresses, but this may be expected.

that these businesses simply moved into a neighborhood that happened to already have a high crime rate. We test and reject this hypothesis in the next section. For now, we draw attention to the Bar/Tavern addresses in Table 2. If the alternative hypothesis is that the Garden Grove Boulevard neighborhoods had high crime rates before the seven adult businesses moved in, we would expect to these addresses to have high crime rates as well (more so given that alcohol is served at these addresses). On the contrary, however, we find that these addresses have generally lower crime rates than the adult business addresses. Whereas three of seven adult business addresses are in the top ten Part I crime "hot spots," only two of nine bar/tavern addresses make the top ten list. In this sense, the seven adult business addresses on Garden Grove Boulevard constitute serious, significant public safety hazards.

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The address-specific crime counts in Table 2 are compelling evidence of the public safety hazard posed by the adult businesses on Garden Grove Boulevard. Simple counts do not satisfy the criterion of scientific validity, however, for there are many non-causal explanations for any set of number. Validity requires that a change in the operation of an adult business be followed by a change in the crime rate near the business. If the before-after change proves statistically significant, validity requires further that the same before-after change not be found in a suitable "control" area. Only after both criteria are satisfied can we state in scientifically valid terms that an adult business poses a public safety hazard.

The fact that the adult businesses on Garden Grove Boulevard have operated continually for the past decade has had an impact on our ability to conduct proper before/after analyses. Ideally, crime should be contrasted in a location before and after an adult business opens. Although this is not literally possible, given the constraints of time and data, there were three major expansions of adult businesses at two crime existing locations and analyses of these changes confirm the picture of these businesses painted by Table 2. The quasi-experimental contrasts derived from these analyses are outlined in greater detail here.

1) In March, 1982, the Garden of Eden expanded from a single suite at

12061 Garden Grove Boulevard into the adjoining suites at 12063 and 12065

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Garden Grove Boulevard. The before/after and test/control contrasts for this change are:

One Year Before One Year After

Test Site 200' 500' 1000' 200' 500' 1000'

Personal Crimes 1 14 28 43 15 16 28 59

Property Crime 10 46 84 140 17 58 167 242

Part II Crime 21 11 16 48 16 12 17 45

Control Site 200' 500' 1000' 200' 500' 1000'

Personal Crime 0 11 12 33 1 9 28 39

Property Crime 13 52 76 141 12 56 87 155

Part II Crime 15 23 27 65 11 22 29 62

Over the next year, Personal crimes within a 200-foot radius rose significantly compared to the preceding year.³² Also compared to the preceding year, Property crimes within a 1000 foot radius rose significantly. The effect of the expansion on Part II crimes was mixed and largely insignificant. To control for the possibility that these effects were due to unrelated extraneous variables, a "control" site was developed from the mean crime counts of the other six adult businesses. While crime rose in the vicinity of the Garden of Eden, however, crime remained static at the "control" site. Accordingly, we attribute the increases in Personal and Property crimes to the expansion of the adult business.

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³²Hereafter, unless stated otherwise, a significant effect will imply a probability of .01 or less.

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2) In March, 1986, the Bijou opened at in present location, 8745 Garden Grove Boulevard. Since the Party House had been operating at 8751 Garden Grove Boulevard prior to this time, the opening of Bijou was in effect an expansion. The before/after and test/control contrasts for this change are:

One Year Before One Year After

Test Site 200' 500' 1000' 200' 500' 1000'

Personal Crimes 2 7 21 30 6 11 30 47

Property Crimes 3 19 94 116 11 40 113 164

Part II Crimes 13 14 43 70 8 13 42 63

Control Site 200' 500' 1000' 200' 500' 1000'

Personal Crimes 2 10 30 42 1 11 31 43

Property Crimes 19 49 76 144 20 60 67 147

Part II Crimes 24 13 25 62 19 16 34 69

Over the next year, both Personal and Property crimes rose significantly within a 5OO -foot radius. The effect on Part II crimes was mixed and largely insignificant. Since no similar effects was observed at a "control" site developed from the mean crime counts of four other adult businesses, the increases an attributed to the opening of the Bijou.

3) In August, 1988, the Video Preview Rental Center opened at 8743 Garden Grove Boulevard. Since the Party House and Bijou were already in operation, this opening too is treated as an expansion. The before/after and test/control contrasts

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for this change are:

One Year Before One Year After

Test Site 200' 500' 1000' 200' 500' 1000'

Personal Crimes 0 10 51 61 4 15 46 65

Property Crimes 3 19 67 89 6 25 60 91

Part II Crimes 11 13 15 40 34 11 25 70

Control Site 200' 500' 1000' 200' 500' 1000'

Personal Crimes 1 13 49 63 1 11 54 66

Property Crimes 5 22 74 101 4 24 68 96

Part II Crimes 9 17 21 48 28 13 20 41

In the following year, Personal crime rose significantly within a 500-foot radius, Property crime rose significantly within a 200-foot radius, and Part II crimes rose significantly within a 200-foot radius (which is to say, at the Party House – Bijou Video Review Rental Center complex). No increases were observed at a "control" site developed from the mean crime counts of four other adult businesses.

The consistent pattern of effects in these three cases demonstrates that the adult businesses are indeed a public safety hazard as the data presented in the preceding section suggest. Given the nature of the operational changes in these three cases, furthermore, it appears that any expansion of an adult business will have the same effect. In light of the potentially large area of the hazard and the predatory nature of the crimes associated with the hazard, we recommend that no new adult businesses be allowed to operate within 1000 feet of a residential area.

Of course, virtually any increase in economic or social activity might be

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expected to produce some increase in crime (though perhaps not so large an increase as was observed in these three cases). When an increase in crime can be attributed to a specific economic or social activity, it is reasonable to expect the responsible parties to take steps designed to ameliorate the problem. In one instance where an adult business acted to ameliorate a nuisance, however1 the act had no impact on crime.

4) In September, 1988, the City installed a blockade in the alley immediately to the west of the Adult (8502 Garden Grove Boulevard) to prevent "cruising." While the blockade undoubtedly accomplished this intended purpose, there was no significant effect on Personal, Property, or Part II crimes in the vicinity of the Adult. The before/after contrasts for this change are:

Although this simple architectural device had no significant impact on crime, there are undoubtedly many positive steps that an adult business can take to reduce crime in its vicinity. Since to our knowledge, no such steps were taken during 1981-1990, we cannot speak with authority on the likely effectiveness of the various

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amelioration strategies.33 Nevertheless, we recommend that the City use its legitimate zoning authority to ensure that any new adult business will have a minimum impact on crime in its vicinity. Beyond this recommendation, we find strong evidence to suggest that the public safety hazard posed by adult businesses on Garden Grove Boulevard is exacerbated by proximity to a bar or tavern. This is based on two contrasts.

5) In April, 1985, a bar opened at 8112 Garden Grove Boulevard, approximately 425 feet from the A to Z. The before/after and test/control contrasts for this change are:

In the subsequent year, Personal crime within 1000 feet rose significantly.

___________________

³³A similar architectural device was installed at the A to Z (8192 Garden Grove Boulevard) in May, 1990. We have insufficient data to measure the effect of this intervention, however.

Consultants' Final Report - Page 31

Although Property crime also rose, the increase was not significant. No significant change was observed at a "control" site, so the increase in Personal crime was attributed to proximity to the bar. Since analyses of crime 200, 500, and 1000 feet from 8112 Garden Grove Boulevard (the bar) show no comparable effect, the rise in Personal crime cannot be attributed to the bar alone. Rather, it must be due to an interaction between the bar and the adult business.

In the subsequent year, no significant change was observed either in Personal or Property crime; significance not withstanding the change was in the opposite direction of what was expected. Part II crimes within 200 feet of the Hip Pocket rose precipitously and significantly. No change was observed at a "control" site.

Consultants' Final Report - Page 32

Information from the Police Department suggests, however, that the increase in Part II crimes was the result of an unrelated enforcement campaign.

Failure to find any significant effect in this case suggests that the interaction effect observed in the preceding case is limited to 1000 feet. While we strongly recommend that no new adult business be located within 1000 feet of a bar (and vice versa), there is no evidence of interaction at distances exceeding 1000 feet.

Consultants' Final Report - Page 33

Following the research model of the LA Study, an analysis of real estate professionals was conducted to determine the prevailing professional opinion of the secondary effects produced by presence of adult businesses. The questionnaire instrument developed for this task distinguished between the effects on single-family residential property, multiple-family residential property and commercial property values. In addition, it asked for information on the effects of adult businesses within 200 feet, within 200-500 feet and the effects of two or more adult businesses within these distances. Not only were the effects on property values determined but also, effects on other issues that litigation in this area has found important such as crime, traffic, noise, safety, of women and children, quality of life, rents, loitering, and the ability to attract other businesses and customers were identified.

In January and February, 1991, copies of the instrument were sent to the membership list of the West Orange County Association of Realtors of the total 954 surveys sent out, 30 were returned with incorrect addresses. The remaining sample of 924 resulted in a return of 141 completed questionnaires. Of these 141,

______________________

³⁴ See the Appendix for a copy of the questionnaire instrument and a complete tabulation responses.

Consultants' Final Report - Page 34

19 where eliminated because of response bias.³⁵ The final analysis is based on

122 valid responses.36

The overall sample was very experienced in real estate, with 12.6 of years experience on average. This group of real estate professionals was very knowledgeable about Garden Grove real estate, with a mean experience in Garden Grove real estate of 10.1 years. The overwhelming majority of respondents (94.3%) also said that they had an opinion on the impact of adult businesses on the community.

The first set of items in our survey elicited opinions pertaining to the impact on property values by adult businesses. When adult businesses are located within 200 feet of a residential or commercial property the overwhelming Opinion is that property values win be substantially decreased:

____________________________

35 Throughout the questionnaire, various question were worded in either a negative or positive fashion. This is done to eliminate respondents that merely circle one response. such as strongly agree, to all questions. The assumption is that a respondent who is answering all the questionnaire in a responsible fashion would not strongly agree with both a negative assessment of adult businesses and a positive assessment of adult businesses.

36 This gives a response rate of 122/924 or 13.2%. This is somewhat lower than the response rate for the LA Study at 811/400 or 20% (p. 38). However, that report makes no mention of connection for response bias. If the 19 returned questionnaires that were eliminated for response bias had been included in the a-is, the response rate would have been 141/924 or 15.3%.

Consultants' Final Report - Page 35

Single-family 97.5% 2.5% 0.0%

Multiple-family 95.0% 5.0% 0.0%

Commercial 81.5% 15.1% 3.3%

The difference between 200 and 500 feet is insignificant. Otherwise, the strongest impact occurs for single-family residences with a smaller (though still extremely large and significant) impact on commercial property.

Density impacts are judged to be slightly smaller than the impacts of location per

Consultants' Final Report - Page 36

use. The density impacts on property value are large and significant nevertheless and support a density regulation.

For location and density alike, the overall pattern is clear. The vast majority of real estate professionals associate location of an adult business with decreased property values for single-family residential, multiple-family residential and commercial property. Clearly, these data indicate the presence of an adult business creates the secondary effect of decreased property values.

A second set of items elicited opinions on the impact of adult businesses on residential neighborhood qualities. A majority of respondents felt that locating an adult business within 200 feet of a residential area would result in increased crime, traffic, litter, loitering and noise; and decreased safety for women and children, quality of life, and rents. Specific responses were:

Increase No Effect Decease

Crime 93.1% 6.0% 0.9%

Traffic 97.4% 1.7% 0.9%

Litter 86.1% 12.1% 1.8%

Noise 72.4% 24.1% 3.6%

Safety 27.4% 10.6% 61.9%

Quality of Life 18.4% 6.1% 75.4%

Rents 8.0% 10.6% 81.4%

Loitering 85.5% 5.1% 9.4%

When asked about problems in relation to commercial properties, the vast majority of respondents blamed adult businesses for the same problems cited for residential

Consultants' Final Report - Page 37

properties and, also, for decreases in quality of business environment, commercial rents, ability to attract new businesses, and ability of non-adult businesses to attract customers. Specifically:

Increase No Effect Decrease

Crime 88.7% 9.6% 1.7%

Traffic 76.7% 20.7% 2.6%

Litter 83.5% 15.7% 0.9%

Noise 67.0% 29.5% 3.6%

Safety 23.2% 12.5% 64.2%

Business Environment 11.5% 6.3% 81.2%

Commercial Rents 8.4% 15.9% 75.7%

Loitering 77.0% 8.0% 15.0%

Attract Businesses 7.9% 3.5% 88.5%

Attract Customers 8.8% 7.0% 84.3%

This general response pattern is essentially duplicated when respondents are asked about the impact of locating two or more adult businesses within 1000 feet of each other and within 200 feet of a residential or commercial area.

These findings are consistent with other studies addressing the negative impact associated with the location of adult businesses.³⁷ Closer analysis of response patterns reveals that respondents who felt adult businesses produce a decrease in property values also are likely to respond that these businesses have a negative effect on a neighborhood. One of the strongest associations was between decreased property values and increased crime. This is consistent with our analysis

__________________

Consultants' Final Report - Page 38

of the crime data. The data from this survey clearly indicates that real estate professionals feel that adult businesses are associated with decreased property values and decreased quality of neighborhood for both residential and commercial areas.

Consultants' Final Report - Page 39

The final component of this research project was a survey of Garden Grove households to assess citizen perceptions of the issues. Toward this end, we first developed a questionnaire instrument based on instruments used in prior research but modified to reflect the particular circumstances of Garden Grove. After field-testing an early version of the instrument on a random sample of Santa Aria telephone households in March and April, 1991, a refined final version of the instrument was then administered to a stratified "random" ample of Garden Grove telephone households in the summer of l99l.~ To ensure that the sample included households in the proximity of problem areas, the total sample of N-250 included 200 addresses located within 1500 feet of an adult business. We cannot therefore generalize our results to the larger population without applying a set of sample weights. As it turns out however, the survey results are so nearly unanimous that there is no need for complicated statistics.

Interviews were conducted by Garden Grove Police' Department cadets, the Consultants, and their research assistants. Standard survey research conventions were observed and independent audits were used to maintain the reliability and validity of responses. By Labor Day, 1991, each of the 250 households in the

____________________

³⁸ A copy of the final version of this instrument and tabulated response frequencies are found in the Appendix.

Consultants' Final Report - Page 40

sample had either been contacted (with a completed interview or a refusal) or ruled out of the sample.39 The final breakdown of the sample by interview status is:

Completed 118 47.2% 803%

Refused 29 11.6% 19.7%

Language 20 8.0%

No Answer 42 16.8%

Invalid 41 16.4%

Total 250 100.0% 100.0%

Non-English speaking households could not be interviewed and this is unfortunate. Nevertheless, the number of completed interviews (118) and the completion rate (80.3%) of this survey (80.3%) exceed the number realized in household surveys conducted in other cities. Accordingly, we believe that our results present the most accurate available picture of attitudes toward adult businesses.

General Perceptions of the Problem. The general public perceives the adult businesses on Garden Grove Boulevard as a serious problem that has a real impact on daily life. While perceptions of the nature of this problem vary somewhat, virtually everyone polled associates these businesses with One or more negative

_______________________

³⁹Phone number were ruled out for any of three reasons: (1) the number was not located in Garden Grove; (2) the number was a business; or (3) no one at the number spoke English.

Consultants' Final Report - Page 41

aspects of urban life. Exceptions to this rule are rare and the intensity of the feeling is greatest in neighborhood nearer Garden Grave Boulevard.

Each interview began by asking the respondent to estimate the distance from his or her house to the nearest adult business. The breakdown of responses in the sample of completed interviews was:

200 Feet/1 Block 12 9.8% 6.9%

500 Feet/ 2 Blocks 17 14.4% 4.9%

1000 Feet/3+ Blocks 54 45.8% 65.1%

Don't Know 35 29.7%

The accuracy of these subjective estimates was checked by asking the respondent to name (or at least, to describe) the adult business nearest their home. In a subset of cases, we were also able to measure the distance objectively. From these data, it is clear that people are quite aware of how' near or far away they live from these businesses.

We next asked respondents to asses the impact that an adult entertainment business located in their neighborhood would have on series of "social problems." Specifically:

adult entertainment business has, or would have, if it were located within

substantial decrease.

Consultants' Final Report - Page 42

Responses to this series of questions reveal a consistent perception of the impact of adult businesses on the pan of citizens. Broken down into three categories:

Increase No Effect Decrease

Crime 72.9% 27.1% 0.0%

Traffic 60.7% 38.5% 0.9%

Litter 66.7% 32.5% 0.9%

Noise 62.1% 36.2% 1.8%

Safety 31.9% 20.7% 47.5%

Quality of Life 16.3% 23.9% 59.8%

Property Values 14.5% 15.4% 70.1%

Rents 15.7% 38.9% 45.2%

Loitering 74.3% 22.2% 3.5%

Graffiti 56.6% 41.7% 1.7%

Vandalism 65.5% 32.8% 1.7%

Respondents were asked if they knew of any specific incidents related to adult entertainment businesses in their neighborhoods. Twenty-five respondents (21.4%) answered affirmatively, citing specific examples of the 11 general problem areas covered in the survey instrument. Not surprisingly, most of these respondents lived relatively near an adult businesses.

Finally, to measure the depth of public sentiment, respondents were asked whether they would move if an adult entertainment business were to move into their neighborhood. Seventy-one respondents (61.2 %) indicated that they would ("definitely" or "probably") move. Of the minority (38.8%) who indicated that they would ("definitely" or "probably") not move, nearly half qualified their answers by

Consultants' Final Report - Page 42

that the City should regulate adult businesses. One hundred respondents (85.5%) believe that the City should regulate the location of adult businesses. Despite the apparent laissez faire implications Of the minority opinion, however, only one respondent (0.9%) believed that adult businesses should be allowed to operate in residential neighborhoods. Though perhaps disagreeing on the nature and extent of regulation then, even the most ardent opponents of regulation seem to support some type of regulation.

A series of questions designed to measure support for and/or opposition to various approaches to regulation reveal a remarkable depth of support for all types of regulation. Regulatory initiatives designed to protect the integrity at residential life, for example, garner nearly unanimous support from every element of the community:

Strongly Support 92 78.0% 78.0%

Support 13 11.0% 11.0%

Neutral 4 3.4% 3.4%

Oppose 6 5.1% 5.1%

Strongly Oppose 3 2.5% 2.5%

Regulatory initiatives designed to reduce the density of adult businesses, on the

Consultants' Final Report - Page 44

Regulatory initiatives designed to reduce the density of adult businesses, on the other band, while not nearly so popular, are supported by a significant majority of citizens.

Strongly Support 52 44.1 44.4

Support 21 17.8 17.9

Neutral 16 13.6 13.7

Oppose 22 18.6 18.6

Strongly Oppose 6 5.1 5.1

It should be noted, furthermore, that some of the respondents who oppose density regulations do so because they oppose any initiative shaft of prohibition.

Group Differences. Due to the overwhelming degree of support for almost any regulatory initiative and, also, due to the relatively small sample size, few

group differences are statistically significant. Home ownership and gender are exceptions. In general, home owners are more likely than renters and women are more likely than men to endorse any regulatory initiative. These differences are expected, of course, but a careful examination of response patterns reveals a curious difference. When asked whether the City should regulate the locations of adult businesses, for example, home owners and women alike express stronger support for regulation than their complementary groups. Specifically,

Consultants' Final Report - Page 45

Own Rent Own Rent

Regulate Yes 74 24 98 57 42 99

Regulate No 7 10 17 6 11 17

81 34 115 63 53 116

Both differences (owners vs. renters and women w. men) are statistically significant. This common factor helps define the small minority (14.5%) of respondents who feel that the City should not regulate adult businesses at all.40 Asked if they would move if an adult business were to open in their neighborhood, on the other hand, borne owners and women

diverge slightly:

Own Rent Own Rent

Move Yes 52 17 69 43 27 70

Move No 28 17 45 20 25 45

80 34 114 63 52 115

While home owners are more likely (vs. renters) to fly that they would move out of their neighborhoods to avoid an adult business, the difference is not statistically significant In contrast, the difference for women (vs. men) is quite significant

________________________

⁴⁰Respondents who expressed the opinion that the City should not regulate adult businesses tend to be younger (76.5% under 45) men (64.7%) who rent (58.8%). More important, perhaps, these respondents tend to live relatively far away from adult businesses (76.5% at least three blocks way) and live in households with no children (70.6%). Several of these respondents volunteered that they were "libertarians" of course, many of the respondents who initially told us that they opposed any regulation later expressed the opinion that adult businesses should not be allowed to locate near residential neighborhoods.

Consultants' Final Report Page 46

This divergence reflects a salient difference in the way home owners and women calculate costs and benefits. In the unstructured portions of the interviews, many home owners expressed feelings of resignation. One respondent who had lived in the vicinity of an adult business for more than thirty years, for example, told us that the social and economic costs of moving to another neighborhood precluded this option; and in any event, there would no guarantee that adult businesses would not eventually move into the new neighborhood. On the other hand, many women respondents expressed overwhelming fear for their safety and the safety of their children. One woman respondent with three young children told us that she had already moved because one of her children had been harassed by a man who she believed was a customer of an adult business. Although her new apartment was smaller and more expensive, she believed that the move was absolutely necessary for the safety of her children. Anecdotal data of this sort are not amenable to statistical analysis. Nevertheless, these data provide a context for interpreting the objective item responses of bur survey.

Consultants' Final Report Page 47

VIII. Conclusions

The data and analyses reported in this document make a clear, compelling statement about the secondary consequences of the adult entertainment businesses along Garden Grove Boulevard. In terms of property values alone, the survey of real estate professionals leads to the unambiguous conclusion that the mere presence of these businesses depresses residential and commercial property values. While the effect on commercial property values is problematic, the effect on residential property values argues for strict regulations governing the distance of adult businesses from residential neighborhoods. In commercial zones, moreover, the consistent opinions of real estate professionals suggest that high density also depresses commercial property values. This argues for strict regulations governing the distances between adult businesses.

A separate survey of Garden Grove households is fully consistent with the responses of real estate professional. Put simply, these businesses have a real impact on the daily lives of their neighbors. By all measures, respondents living near out of these businesses are aware of the presence of the businesses and have a pessimistic (but apparently realistic) view of their impact on the neighborhood. Whereas public hearings might lead one to conclude that actual incidents involving these businesses are rare, our survey results show the opposite; more than one in five respondents reported a specific incident related to the operation of adult

businesses. This experience leads to strong public support for regulation. Nine of ten respondents endorse regulations that prohibit adult businesses from operating near residential neighborhoods; nearly two-thirds endorse regulations that prohibit the geographical concentration of adult businesses.

Although these two surveys may represent subjective opinion, their results are consistent with objective analyses of crime data. Comparing temporal crime rates before and after changes in the operation of adult businesses, we find strong evidence of a public safety hazard. The subjective impression of Garden Grove residents and real estate professionals have an empirical basis, in other word. Given the seriousness nature of this public safety hazard, we recommend that

We find a significant interaction effect between the adult businesses and taverns or ban. When an adult business opens within 1000 feet of a tavern or bar, crime rates rise by a factor that cannot be attributed to either business alone. Accordingly, we recommend that

Since the adult businesses an Garden Grove Boulevard (or more precisely, their locations) were in operation prior to the advent of our data, we find no optimum

Consultants' Final Report Page 49

or ideal distance between locations that would ameliorate the public safety hazard. Accordingly, we recommend that

Recognizing the legal and practical difficulties of changing the existing operations, furthermore, we have no recommendations for the existing operations. Although we find no evidence that the public safety hazard can be ameliorated by simple architectural barriers (walls, e.g.), the hazard could conceivably be minimized by regulations such as limiting the hours of operation, special lighting, and so forth. Toward this end, we recommend that

There is a tendency to view adult entertainment businesses as "moral nuisances" when, in fact, the data show that they are public safety "hot spot." Adopting this view, it may be useful to enact policies designed to ensure the safety of customers and neighbors. Garden Grove Police Department is ideally suited to advise on the range of policy options that might be implemented.

A final recommendation pertain: to public involvement in the process. The results of our household survey reveal strong sentiments favoring any attempt to ameliorate the secondary consequences of this problem. Nevertheless, we detect a

spirit of cynicism in the responses of citizens who live in the midst of the problem. For example, the weaker public support for density regulation (w. regulating the distance from a residential neighborhood) reflects in part a draconian view of the problem; more than a few of the respondents who expressed little or no support for this regulation did so on the grounds that the businesses should not be allowed to operate anywhere in the City. It would not be entirely correct to attribute this view to moral or moralistic attitudes. In many cases, respondents related personal experiences and fears that make these views understandable. Public support for any practical regulation may require a process that addresses the experiences and fears of these citizens. Unfortunately, we have no expertise (or even specific insights) to suggest how this might be accomplished.

APPENDIX

Consultants' Final Report - Al

Real Estate Professionals Survey Response Tabulations

Based on your personal observations as a real estate professional, or on information received through the practice of your profession, do you have an opinion as to whether the presence of an adult bookstore affects the resale or rental values of nearby properties?

Yes 115 94.3 94.3

No 6 4.9 4.9

Missing 1 .8 .8

How many years have you practiced in the real estate profession?

5 Years or Less 36 29.5 29.5

6-10 Years 16 13.1 13.1

11-25 Years 60 49.2 49.2

25 Years or More 10 8.2 8.2

5 Years or Less 47 38.3 38.5

11-25 Years 51 41.8 41.8

25 Years or More 3 2.4 4.1

Based on your professional experience, following types of property to be effected adult bookstore?

20% Decrease 46 37.7 38.3

10-20% Decrease 42 34.4 35.0

0-10% Decrease 26 21.3 21.7

No Effect 6 4.9 5.0

Missing 2 1.6

20% Decrease 24 19.7 20.2

10-20% Decrease 40 32.8 33.6

0-10% Decrease 33 27.0 27.7

No Effect 18 14.8 15.1

0-10% Increase 3 2.5 2.5

20% Increase 1 .8 .8

Missing 3 2.5

How would you expect the average value to be affected if the properties are within 200 to 500 feet of the new adult bookstore?

20% Decrease 67 54.9 55.4

10.20% Decease 29 23.8 24.0

0-10% Decrease 19 15.6 15.7

No Effect 6 4.9 5.0

Missing 1 .8

20% Decease 41 33.6 34.2

10-20% Decease 36 29.5 30.0

0-10% Decease 34 27.9 28.3

No Effect 8 6.6 6.7

10-20% Increase 1 .8 .8

Missing 2 1.6

Consultants' Final Report – A3

20% Decrease 20 16.4 16.7

10-20% Decrease 37 30.3 30.8

0-10% Decrease 36 29.5 30.0

No Effect 24 19.7 20.0

0-10% Increase 2 1.6 1.7

10-20% Increase 1 .8 .8

Missing 2 1.6

Assume that a new adult bookstore will be located within 1000 feet of an existing adult

bookstore or other adult entertainment use. Based upon your professional experience, how would you expect the average values of the following types of properties to be affected if they are less than 200 feet away from the new bookstore?

20% Decrease 51 41.8 41.8

10-20% Decrease 38 31.l 31.1

0-10% Decrease 20 16.4 16.4

No Effect 12 9.8 9.8

0-10% Increase 1 .8 .8

20% Decrease 41 33.6 33.6

10-20% Decrease 32 26.2 26.2

0-10% Decrease 33 27.0 27.0

No Effect 15 12.3 12.3

0-10% Increase 1 .8 .8

…Commercial

20% Decrease 27 22.1 22.3

10-20% Decease 27 22.1 22.3

0-10% Decrease 33 27.0 27.3

No Effect 33 27.0 27.3

10-20% Increase 1 .8 .8

Missing 1 .8

Consultants' Final Report - A4

How would you expect the avenge values to be affected if the properties are within 200 to 500 feet of the adult bookstore?

...Single-family residential

20% Decrease 65 53.3 55.1

10-20% Decrease 29 23.8 24.6

0-10% Decrease 15 12.3 12.7

No Effect 8 6.6 6.8

0-10% Increase 1 .8 .8

Missing 4 3.3

...Multiple-family residential

20% Decrease 42 34.4 35.3

10-20% Decrease 41 33.6 34.5

0-10% Decrease 25 20.5 21.0

No Effect 10 8.2 8.4

0-10% Increase 1 .8 .8

Missing 3 2.5

...Commercial

20% Decrease 25 20.5 21.4

10-20% Decrease 40 32.8 34.2

0-10% Decrease 25 20.5 21.4

No Effect 10 18.9 19.7

0-10% Increase 4 3.3 3.4

Missing 5 4.1

Based upon your professional experience, how would you evaluate the impact of locating

an adult bookstore within 200 feet of an area on the following problems, if the area is

residential?

Substantial Increase 59 48.4 50.9

Some Increase 49 40.2 42.2

No Effect 7 5.7 6.0

Some Decrease 1 .8 .9

Missing 6 4.9

Consultants' Final Report – A5

...Traffic

Substantial Increase 28 23.0 23.9

Some Increase 60 49.2 51.3

No Effect 26 21.3 22.2

Some Decrease 2 1.6 1.7

Substantial Decrease 1 .8 .9

Missing 5 4.1

...Litter

Substantial Increase 52 42.6 44.8

Some Increase 48 39.3 41.4

No Effect 14 11.5 12.1

Some Decrease 1 .8 .9

Substantial Decrease 1 .8 .9

Missing 6 4.9

…Noise

Substantial Increase 35 28.7 31.3

Some Increase 46 37.7 41.1

No Effect 27 22.1 24.1

Some Decrease 3 2.5 2.7

Substantial Decease 1 .8 .9

Missing 10 8.2

...Safety

Substantial manse 24 19.7 21.2

Same Increase 7 5.7 6.2

No Effect 12 9.8 10.6

Same Decrease 24 19.7 21.2

Substantial Decrease 46 37.7 40.7

Missing 9 7.4

Consultants' Final Report – A6

Substantial Increase 14 11.5 12.3

Some Increase 7 5.7 6.1

No Effect 7 5.7 6.1

Some Decrease 39 32.0 34.2

Substantial Decrease 47 38.5 41.2

Missing 8 6.6

Substantial Increase 3 2.5 2.7

Some Increase 6 4.9 5.3

No Effect 12 9.8 10.6

Same Decrease 51 41.8 45.1

Substantial Decrease 41 33.6 36.3

Missing 9 7.4

Substantial Increase 60 49.2 51.3

Some Increase 40 32.8 34.2

No Effect 6 4.9 5.1

Some Decrease 3 2.5 2.6

Substantial Decrease 8 6.6 6.8

Missing 5 4.1

Based upon your professional experience, how would you evaluate the impact of locating

an adult bookstore within 200 feet of an area on the following problems. If the area is

commercial?

Substantial Increase 45 36.9 39.1

Same Increase 57 46.7 49.6

No Effect 11 9.0 9.6

Substantial Decrease 2 1.6 1.7

Mining 7 5.7

Consultants' Final Report - A7

...Traffic

Substantial Increase 24 19.7 20.7

Some Increase 65 53.3 56.0

No Effect 24 19.7 20.7

Some Decrease 1 .8 .9

Substantial Decrease 2 .1.6 1.7

Missing 6 4.9

...Litter

Substantial Increase 36 29.7 31.3

Some Increase 60 49.2 52.2

No Effect 18 14.8 15.7

Substantial Decrease 1 .8 .9

Missing 7 5.7

...Noise

Substantial Increase 27 22.1 24.1

Some Increase 48 39.3 42.9

No Effect 33 27.0 29.5

Some Decrease 3 2.5 2.7

Substantial Decrease 1 .8 .9

Missing 10 8.2

...Safety

Substantial Increase 16 13.1 14.3

Some Increase 10 8.2 8.9

No Effect 14 11.5 12.5

Some Decrease 36 29.5 32.1

Substantial Decrease 36 29.5 32.1

Missing 10 8.2

…Quality of business environment

Substantial Increase 6 4.9 5.4

Same Increase 8 6.6 7.1

No Effect 7 5.7 6.3

Some Decrease 53 43.4 47.3

Substantial Decrease 38 31.1 33.9

Missing 10 8.2

Consultants' Final Report – A8

Substantial Increase 3 2.5 2.8

Some Increase 6 4.9 5.6

No Effect 17 13.9 15.9

Some Decrease 58 47.5 54.2

Substantial Decrease 23 18.9 21.5

Missing 15 12.3

Substantial Increase 41 33.6 36.3

Some Increase 46 37.7 40.7

No Effect 9 7.4 8.0

Some Decrease 11 9.0 9.7

Substantial Decrease 6 4.9 5.3

Missing 9 7.4

Substantial Increase 4 3.3 3.5

Some Increase 5 4.1 4.4

No Effect A 33 3.5

Some Decrease 39 32.0 34.5

Substantial Decrease 61 50.0 54.0

Missing 9 7.4

Substantial Increase 6 4.9 53

Some Increase 4 3.3 3.5

No Effect 8 6.6 7.0

Some Decrease 37 30.3 32.5

Substantial Decrease 59 48.4 51.8

Missing 8 6.6

Based on your professional experience, how would you evaluate the impact of locating two

or more bookstores within 1000 feet of each other and within 200 fret of an area on the

following problems if the area is residential?

Consultants' Final Report - A9

...Crime

Substantial Increase 75 61.5 64.1

Some Increase 37 30.3 31.6

No Effect 4 3.3 3.4

Substantial Decrease 1 .8 .9

Missing 5 4.1

...Traffic

Substantial Increase 43 35.2 36.1

Some Increase 60 49.2 50.4

No Effect 14 11.5 11.8

Substantial Decrease 2 1.6 1.7

Missing 3 2.5

...Litter

Substantial Increase 63 51.6 52.9

Some Increase 46 37.7 38.7

No Effect 8 6.6 6.7

Substantial Decrease 2 1.6 1.7

Missing 3 2.5

...Noise

Substantial Increase 48 39.3 41.4

Some Increase 46 37.7 39.7

No Effect 17 13.9 14.7

Same Decease 2 1.6 1.7

Substantial Decease 3 2.5 2.6

Missing 6 4.9

…Safety

Substantial Increase 22 18.0 18.8

Some Increase 10 8.2 8.5

No Effect 7 5.7 6.0

Some Decrease 24 19.7 20.5

Substantial Decrease 54 44.3 46.2

Missing 5 4.1

Consultants' Final Report – A10

Substantial Increase 10 8.2 8.5

Some Increase 2 1.6 1.7

No Effect 6 4.9 5.1

Some Decrease 30 24.6 25.6

Substantial Decrease 69 56.6 59.0

Missing 5 4.1

Substantial Increase 5 4.1 4.4

Some Increase 5 4.1 4.4

No Effect 7 5.7 6.1

Same Decrease 45 36.9 39.5

Substantial Decrease 52 42.6 45.6

Missing 8 6.6

Substantial Increase 62 50.8 53.4

Some Increase 37 30.3 31.9

No Effect 5 4.1 4.3

Some Decrease 6 4.9 5.2

Substantial Decrease 6 4.9 5.2

Missing 6 4.9

Based on your professional experience, how would you evaluate the impact of location two or more bookstores within 1000 feet of each other and within 200 feet of an following problems if the area is commercial?

…Crime

Substantial Increase 53 43.4 44.2

Same Increase 59 48.4 49.2

No Effect 6 4.9 3.0

Substantial Decease 2 1.6 1.7

Missing 2 1.6

Consultants' Final Report – A10

...Traffic

Substantial Increase 33 27.0 27.5

Some Increase 62 50.8 51.7

No Effect 22 18.0 18.3

Some Decrease 2 1.6 1.7

Substantial Decrease 1 .8 .8

Missing 2 1.6

...Litter

Substantial Increase 50 41.0 42.7

Some Increase 53 43.4 45.3

No Effect 12 9.8 10.3

Some Decrease 1 .8 .9

Substantial Decrease 1 .8 .9

Missing 5 4.1

...Noise

Substantial Increase 39 32.0 33.1

Some Increase 48 39.3 40.7

No Effect 29 23.8 24.6

Substantial Decrease 2 1.6 1.7

Missing 4 3.3

...Safety

Substantial Increase 17 13.9 14.3

Some 'wean 8 6.6 6.7

No Effect 12 9.8 10.1

Same Decrease 38 31.1 31.9

Substantial Decrease 44 36.1 37.0

Missing 3 2.5

...Quality of business environment

Substantial Increase 5 4.1 4.3

Some Increase 3 2.5 2.6

No Effect 8 6.6 6.9

Some Decrease 47 38.5 40.5

Substantial Decrease 53 43.4 45.7

Missing 6 4.9

Consultants’ Final Report - A12

Substantial Increase 6 4.9 5.4

Some Increase 9 7.4 8.1

No Effect 13 10.7 11.7

Some Decrease 39 32.0 35.1

Substantial Decrease 44 36.1 39.6

Missing 11 9.0

Substantial Increase 49 40.2 42.6

Same Increase 45 36.9 39.1

No Effect 5 4.1 4.3

Some Decrease 8 6.6 7.0

Substantial Decrease 8 6.6 7.0

Missing 7 5.7

Substantial Increase 4 3.3 3.5

Some Increase 4 3.3 3.5

No Effect 7 5.7 6.1

Some Decease 43 35.2 37.7

Substantial Decrease 56 45.9 49.1

Missing 8 6.6

Substantial Increase 7 5.7 5.9

Some Increase 3 2.5 2.5

No Effect 10 8.2 8.5

Some Decease 38 31.1 32.2

Substantial Decrease 60 49.2 50.8

Missing 4 3.3

Would you mind if we contacted you in the future regarding your responses to these survey questions?

No 63 51.6 64.3

Yes 26 21.3 26.5

Missing 33 78.1

Household Survey Response Tabulations

To the best of your knowledge, how close is the nearest adult bookstore or adult entertainment establishment?

200 Feet 6 5.1 5.1

500 Feet 2 1.7 1.7

1000 Feet 8 6.8 6.8

1 Block 6 5.1 5.1

2 Blocks 15 12.7 12.7

3+ Blocks 46 39.0 39.0

Don't Know 35 29.7 29.7

I am going to ask a series of questions concerning what the impact of an adult entertainment business has or would have if it were located within 500 fret of your neighborhood. Please tell me if the impact would be a substantial increase, some increase, no effect, some decrease, or a substantial decrease.

Substantial Increase 55 46.6 46.6

Some Increase 31 26.3 26.3

No Effect 32 27.1 27.1

Some Decrease

Substantial Decrease

…Traffic

Substantial Increase 42 35.6 35.9

Some Increase 29 24.6 24.8

No Effect 45 38.1 38.5

Same Decrease 1 .8 .9

Substantial Decrease

Missing 1 3

Substantial Increase 43 36.4 36.8

Some Increase 35 29.7 29.9

No Effect 38 32.2 32.5

Some Decrease 1 .8 .9

Substantial Decrease

Missing 1 .8

Consultants' Final Report - A14

Substantial Increase 40 33.9 34.5

Some Increase 32 27.1 27.6

No Effect 42 35.6 36.2

Same Decrease 1 .8 .9

Substantial Decrease 1 .8 .9

Missing 2 1.7

Substantial Increase 25 21.2 21.6

Some Increase 12 10.2 10.3

No Effect 24 20.3 20.7

Some Decrease 9 7.6 7.8

Substantial Decrease 46 39.0 39.7

Missing 2 1.7

Substantial Increase 14 11.9 12.0

Some Increase 5 4.2 4.3

No Effect 28 23.7 23.9

Some Decrease 18 15.3 15.4

Substantial Decrease 52 44.1 44.4

Missing 1 .8

Substantial Increase 9 7.6 7.7

Same Increase 8 6.8 6.8

No Effect 18 15.3 15.4

Some Decease 23 19.5 19.7

Substantial Decrease 59 50.0 50.4

Miss- 1 .8

Consultants' Final Report – A15

Substantial Increase 12 10.2 11.1

Some Increase 5 4.2 4.6

No Effect 42 35.6 38.9

Some Decrease 17 14.4 15.7

Substantial Decrease 32 27.1 29.6

Missing 10 8.5

Substantial Increase 68 57.6 58.1

Some Increase 19 16.1 16.2

No Effect 26 22.0 22.2

Same Decrease 3 2.5 2.6

Substantial Decrease 1 .8 .9

Missing 1 .8

Substantial Increase 44 37.3 38.3

Some Increase 21 17.8 18.3

No Effect 48 40.7 41.7

Some Decrease 2 1.7 1.7

Substantial Decrease

Missing 3 2.5

Substantial Increase 53 44.9 45.7

Same Increase 23 19.5 19.8

No Effect 38 32.2 32.8

Some Decrease 2 1.7 1.7

Substantial Decrease

Mining 2 1.7

Would you move if an adult entertainment business were located near your neighborhood?

Definitely Move 36 30.5 31.0

Probably Move 35 29.7 30.2

Probably not Move 28 23.7 24.1

Definitely not Move 17 14.4 14.7

Missing 2 1.7

Consultants' Final Report - A16

Do you believe the City should regulate tile location of adult businesses?

No 17 14.4 14.5

Yes 100 84.7 85.5

Missing I .8

The courts have ruled that cities must provide a place for adult businesses to operate. How far away from your neighborhood would these businesses have to be to have a negligible effect on your neighborhood?

500 Feet 4 3.4 3.4

1000 Feet 10 8.5 8.6

1 Block 3 2.5 2.6

3+ Blocks 89 75.4 76.7

Farther 10 83 8.6

Missing 2 1.7

In what zone do you think these types of business should be allowed?

Residential 1 .8 .9

Commercial 44 372 37.6

Industrial 68 57.6 58.1

None 4 3.4 3.4

Missing 1 .8

Would you support a law that prohibited the establishment of an adult entertainment

business within 500 feet of a residential area, school or church?

Strongly Support 92 78.0 78.0

Support 13 11.0 11.0

Neutral 4 3.4 3.4

Oppose 6 5.1 5.1

Strongly Oppose 3 2.5 2.5

Would you support a law that prohibited the concentration of adult entertainment businesses within 1000 feet of each other?

Strongly Support 52 44.1 44.4

Support 21 17.8 17.9

Neutral 16 13.6 13.7

oppose 22 18.6 18.8

Strongly Oppose 6 5.1 5.1

Missing 1 .8

Consultants' Final Report - A17

Are you aware of any specific incidents related to adult entertainment businesses in your neighborhood?

No 92 78.0 78.6

Yes 25 21.2 21.4

Missing 1 .8

Do you own your home or do you rent?

Owner 82 69.5 70.7

Renter 34 28.8 29.3

Missing 2 1.7

How long have you lived at your current residence?

What is your sex?

Female 64 54.2 54.7

Male 53 44.9 45.3

Missing 1 .8

What is your age?

21 or Under 6 5.1 5.5

22 thru 35 32 27.1 29.1

36 thn 45 26 22.0 23.6

46 thru 65 34 28.8 30.9

66 or Older 12 102 10.9

Missing 8 6.8

Consultants' Final Report – A18

What is your highest level of education?

Grade School 2 1.7 1.8

High School 32 27.1 28.1

Same College 48 40.7 42.1

College Degree 28 23. 7 24.6

Graduate 4 3.4 3.5

Missing 4 3.4

How many children do you currently have living with you under the age of eighteen?

None 60 50.8 51.3

1-2 42 35.6 35.9

3 or More 15 12.7 12.8

Mining 1 .8

How would you characterize your ethnicity?

Caucasian 85 72.0 72.6

Hispanic 19 16.1 16.2

Vietnamese 4 3.4 3.4

Oriental 5 4.2 4.3

Black 1 .8 .9

Other 3 2.5 2.6

Missing 1 .8

Would you like to be notified of any public hearings related to the restriction of adult entertainment businesses in Garden Grove?

Yes 76 65.0 65.0

No 42 35.0 35.0

CITY OF GARDEN GROVE

ADULT BUSINESS SURVEY CALL SHEETS

CASE ID: ______________________

Phone number: __________________

Address: _______________________

General Notes and Problems:

Hello, my name is _________, I am an employee with the City of Garden Grove. We are conducting a survey of Garden Grove residents to gather information an the impact of certain business, such as adult bookstores, nude or topless dancing establishments, massage parlors, adult theaters showing X-rated movies, peep shows, etc. on your residential area. The City is conducting this survey in order to properly develop legislation in this area. Your responses are greatly appreciated and will be kept confidential.

(Need to confirm that the respondent is a responding from a residence and not a business. If responding from a business discontinue the interview.)

2. Which adult entertainment establishment is it?

_ÿ Less than 500 feet _ÿ 1 block

_ÿ 500 feet _ÿ 2 blocks

_ÿ l000 feet _ÿ 3 blocks