Protecting Communities From
Sexually Oriented Businesses
(Second Edition)
Foreward by Attorney General Edwin Meese
III
Protecting Communities From
Sexually Oriented Businesses
This Book is
a Project of Community Defense Counsel
Protecting Children and Their Neighborhoods
http://www.communitydefense.org
Email:
cdc@communitydefense.org
First Printing, May 1996
Southwest Legal Press, Inc.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 96-068628
ISBN 0-9625464-1-0
© 1996 National Family Legal Foundation later known as Community Defense Counsel
No copyright claimed as to original government works.
Printed in the
Second Edition, November 2002
© 2002 Alliance Defense Fund, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
No copyright claimed as to original government works.
Community Defense Counsel is a Legal Resource
of
The Alliance Defense Fund, Inc.
Phone: 480-444-0020; FAX 480-444-0025
Summary Table of Contents........................................................................................................... i
Detailed Table
of Contents............................................................................................................ ii
Preface to the
Second Edition....................................................................................................... vi
Forward........................................................................................................................................ viii
Introduction.................................................................................................................................... xi
Chapter 1: The
Problem of Sexually Oriented Businesses.......................................................... 1
Chapter 2: Basic
Constitutional Considerations......................................................................... 16
Chapter 3:
Making the Legislative Record................................................................................ 25
Chapter 4:
Defining An "Adult" Use.......................................................................................... 41
Chapter 5: Time
Regulation - Hours of Operation..................................................................... 51
Chapter 6: Place
Regulation - Zoning......................................................................................... 58
Chapter 7:
Manner Regulation - Licensing................................................................................ 75
Chapter 8: The
Problem of Nude Dancing.................................................................................. 90
Chapter 9:
Public Nuisances and Other Issues.......................................................................... 99
Appendix A:
Community Defense Counsel Sample Comprehensive SOB Ordinance........... 108
Appendix B: Community Defense Counsel Memorandum of Law Supporting Sample
Comprehensive
SOB Ordinance................................................................................................ 130
Appendix C: A
Summary Review of the Law Governing Regulation of Pornography........... 137
Appendix D:
Summaries of Secondary Effects Reports.......................................................... 149
Appendix E:
Sample Public Indecency Statute......................................................................... 178
Appendix F: Report of the Minnesota Attorney General’s Working Group on the
Regulation of
Sexually Oriented Businesses (June 6, 1989)................................................... 180
Appendix G: Non Profit Organizations Specializing in Legal Issues and Resources On
Pornography and
Regulation of Sex Businesses...................................................................... 213
Table of Cases............................................................................................................................ 215
Summary Table of Contents........................................................................................................... i
Detailed Table
of Contents............................................................................................................ ii
Preface to the
Second Edition....................................................................................................... vi
Forward........................................................................................................................................ viii
Introduction.................................................................................................................................... xi
Chapter 1: The
Problem of Sexually Oriented Businesses.......................................................... 1
Quick Guide to Chapter 1:............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 - Recognizing the Problem....................................................................................................... 2
1.2 - Defining the Terms................................................................................................................ 3
1.3 - A Peek Inside SOBs – Health
Dangers................................................................................. 4
1.4 - A Peek Outside SOBs - Impact on
Neighborhoods............................................................. 11
1.5 - A Peek Behind SOBs – Organized
Crime........................................................................... 12
1.6 - Scope of the Problem......................................................................................................... 13
1.7 - Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 2: Basic
Constitutional Considerations......................................................................... 16
Quick Guide to Chapter 2:........................................................................................................... 16
2.1 - Content Neutral v. Content Based;
Connection to Obscenity Laws...................................... 17
2.2 - Content Neutrality in Young and
Renton.............................................................................. 18
2.3 - Content Neutrality Since Renton......................................................................................... 20
2.4 - Analyzing Content-Neutral
Regulations................................................................................ 22
2.5 - Vagueness and Overbreadth............................................................................................... 24
2.6 - Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 3:
Making the Legislative Record................................................................................ 25
Quick Guide to Chapter 3:........................................................................................................... 25
3.1 – Establishing Content Neutrality............................................................................................ 26
3.2 – Evidence of Negative Secondary
Effects............................................................................. 29
3.3 – Using a Preamble to Show
Legislative Purpose and Intent................................................... 34
3.4 – Defending the Reasonableness of
the Ordinance in Court..................................................... 37
Chapter 4:
Defining An "Adult" Use.......................................................................................... 41
Quick Guide to Chapter 4:........................................................................................................... 41
4.1 – No Secondary Effects From “Single Use”........................................................................... 43
4.2 - How Much “Adult” Materials is
Enough?............................................................................. 44
4.3 - Percentages........................................................................................................................ 46
4.4 - Definitional “Trouble Spots”................................................................................................ 47
Chapter 5: Time
Regulation - Hours of Operation..................................................................... 51
Quick Guide to Chapter 5:........................................................................................................... 51
5.1 – Content Neutral.................................................................................................................. 53
5.2 - Adequate Factual Basis....................................................................................................... 53
5.3 - Narrowly Tailored.............................................................................................................. 54
5.4 – Reasonable Alternative Avenues of
Communication............................................................. 54
5.5 – Other Cases....................................................................................................................... 55
5.6 – California Caution............................................................................................................... 56
5.7 Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 57
Chapter 6: Place
Regulation - Zoning......................................................................................... 58
Quick Guide to Chapter 6........................................................................................................... 58
6.1 – Young and Renton............................................................................................................. 61
6.2 – Threshold Issues................................................................................................................. 63
6.3 – The Magic Number – How Much
Available Land is Enough?.............................................. 65
6.4 – Amortization Clauses.......................................................................................................... 70
6.5 - Moratoriums....................................................................................................................... 73
Chapter 7:
Manner Regulation - Licensing................................................................................ 75
Quick Guide to Chapter 7:........................................................................................................... 75
7.1-
Interior Configuration.......................................................................................................... 76
7.2 - Licensing............................................................................................................................ 81
Chapter 8: The
Problem of Nude Dancing.................................................................................. 90
Quick Guide to Chapter 8:........................................................................................................... 90
8.1 – Basis for Prohibiting Public
Nudity...................................................................................... 91
8.2 – Regulation of Nude Dancing and
Prohibition of Public Nudity.............................................. 93
8.3 - Post Erie Cases.................................................................................................................. 95
8.4 – Regulation of Establishments That
Serve Alcohol................................................................. 96
8.5 - Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 98
Chapter 9:
Public Nuisances and Other Issues.......................................................................... 99
Quick Guide to Chapter 9:........................................................................................................... 99
9.1 – Closing SOBs As Public Nuisances.................................................................................. 100
9.2 – State Constitutional Issues
Independent State Grounds...................................................... 102
9.3 – Damages Against Cities and Elected
Officials.................................................................... 104
9.4 – Prohibiting More Than One “Adult”
Use In A Single Building............................................ 105
9.5 – Other Types of “Adult” Uses............................................................................................ 105
9.6 – Regulation of Outside Advertising
for SOBs...................................................................... 106
Appendix A:
Community Defense Counsel Sample Comprehensive SOB Ordinance........... 108
Appendix B: Community Defense Counsel Memorandum of Law Supporting Sample
Comprehensive
SOB Ordinance................................................................................................ 130
Appendix C: A
Summary Review of the Law Governing Regulation of Pornography........... 137
I. General Principles.............................................................................................................. 137
II. Governmental Justifications for Pornography-Related Laws................................................ 140
III. Content-Neutral Restrictions: Regulation of SOB’s............................................................. 142
IV. Additional Developments............................................................................................... 147
Appendix D:
Summaries of Secondary Effects Reports.......................................................... 149
Arizona, Phoenix: May 25, 1979............................................................................................... 149
Arizona, Tucson: May 1, 1990.................................................................................................. 150
California, Garden Grove: September 12,
1991......................................................................... 150
California, Los Angeles: June, 1977........................................................................................... 151
California, Whittier: January 9, 1978.......................................................................................... 152
Colorado, Adams County: April, 1998...................................................................................... 153
Colorado, Denver: January, 1998.............................................................................................. 154
Environmental Research Group to the
American Center for Law & Justice: March 31, 1996....... 154
Florida, Manatee County: June, 1987........................................................................................ 155
Indiana, Indianapolis: February, 1984........................................................................................ 156
Kansas, Kansas City: March, 1998........................................................................................... 156
Minnesota, Minneapolis: October, 1980.................................................................................... 158
Minnesota, Saint Paul: April, 1988
(Supplemental to 1987 study)............................................... 158
Nevada, Las Vegas: March 15, 1978........................................................................................ 160
New York, Ellicottville: January 1998........................................................................................ 161
New York, Islip: September 23, 1980....................................................................................... 162
New York, New York City: November, 1994........................................................................... 163
New York, Syracuse: November 1, 1999.................................................................................. 163
New York, Times Square: April, 1994...................................................................................... 164
North Carolina, New Hanover: July, 1989................................................................................. 165
Ohio, Cleveland: August 24, 1977............................................................................................. 166
Oklahoma, Oklahoma City: March 3, 1986.............................................................................. 166
Texas, Amarillo: September 12, 1977........................................................................................ 167
Texas, Austin: May 19, 1986..................................................................................................... 167
Texas, Beaumont: September 14, 1982..................................................................................... 168
Texas, Cleburne: Octover 27, 1997........................................................................................... 168
Texas, Dallas: April 29, 1997.................................................................................................... 169
Texas, El Paso: September 26, 1986......................................................................................... 170
Texas, Forth Worth: October, 1986.......................................................................................... 171
Texas, Houston: November 3, 1983.......................................................................................... 172
Texas, Houston: January 7, 1997............................................................................................... 172
Virginia, Newport News: March, 1996...................................................................................... 173
Washington, Bellevue, February 1988........................................................................................ 174
Washington, Des Moines: August, 1984..................................................................................... 175
Washington, Seattle: March 24, 1989........................................................................................ 176
Wisconsin, Saint Croix County: September,
1993...................................................................... 176
Appendix E:
Sample Public Indecency Statute......................................................................... 178
Appendix F: Report of the Minnesota Attorney General’s Working Group on the
Regulation of
Sexually Oriented Businesses (June 6, 1989)................................................... 180
Introduction............................................................................................................................... 180
Summary................................................................................................................................... 182
Impacts of Sexually Oriented Businesses.................................................................................... 183
Concentration of Sexually Oriented
Businesses........................................................................... 186
Prosecutorial and Regulatory
Alternatives................................................................................... 194
II. Other Legal Remedies........................................................................................................... 197
IV. Licensing and Other Regulations.......................................................................................... 209
Appendix G: Non Profit Organizations Specializing in Legal Issues and Resources On
Pornography and
Regulation of Sex Businesses...................................................................... 213
Table of Cases............................................................................................................................ 215